Questions!
1) Give a
brief explanations about their policy and invention for each oh them:
- Herman William Daendels
- Thomas Stamford Raffles
- Van Den Bosch
- Multatuli
- Conrad Theodore van Deventer
- Van der Cappellen
- Willem Janssen
2) Use picture
in your explanations!
Answer:
1)Herman Willem Daendels (21 October 1762 – 2 May 1818) was a Dutch politician who served as the 36th Governor General of the Dutch East Indies between 1808 and 1811.
Early life
Born in Hattem, Netherlands, on 21 October 1762, Daendels was the son of Burchard Johan Daendels, the mayoral secretary, and Josina Christina Tulleken. He studied law at the University of Harderwijk, acquiring his doctorate on 10 April 1783.
Political Activity
In 1785, he sided with the Patriots, who had seized power in several Dutch cities. In 1786 he defended the city of Hattem against stadholderian troops. In 1787, he defended Amsterdam against the Prussian army that invaded the Netherlands to restore William V of Orange. After William V was in power again, he fled to France because of a death sentence. Daendels was close witness to the French revolution.
He returned to the Netherlands in 1794, as a general in the French revolutionary army of general Charles Pichegru and commander of the Batavian Legion. Daendels helped unitarian politician Pieter Vreede to power in a coup d'état on 25 January 1798. The group behind Vreede was dissatisfied with the conservative-moderate majority in parliament, which tried to prevent the formulation of a more democratic, centralistic constitution. The reign of Vreede did not bring the expected results, however, and Daendels supported another coup d'état against Vreede on 14 June 1798. In the Batavian Republic Daendels occupied several political offices, but he had to step down when he failed to prevent the Anglo-Russian Invasion of Holland in 1799, and became a farmer in Heerde, Gelderland.
Military and colonial career
Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies
Louis Bonaparte made Daendels colonel-general in 1806 and Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies in 1807. After a long voyage, he arrived in the city of Batavia (now Jakarta) on 5 January 1808 and relieved the former Governor General, Albertus Wiese. His primary task was to rid the island of Java of the British Army, which he promptly achieved.[citation needed] He built new hospitals and military barracks, a new arms factories in Surabaya and Semarang, and a new military college in Batavia. He demolished the Castle in Batavia and replaced it with a new fort at Meester Cornelis (Jatinegara), and built Fort Lodewijk in Surabaya. However, his best-known achievement was the construction of the Great Post Road (Indonesian: Jalan Raya Pos) across northern Java from Anjer to Panaroecan. The road now serves as the main road in the island of Java, called Jalur Pantura. The thousand-kilometre road was completed in only one year, during which thousands of Javanese forced labourers died.[2]
Java Great Post Road, commissioned by Daendels.
He displayed a firm attitude towards the Javanese rulers, with the result that the rulers were willing to work with the British against the Dutch. He also subjected the population of Java to forced labour (Rodi). There were some rebellious actions against this, such as those in Cadas Pangeran, West Java.
There is considerable debate as to whether he increased the efficiency of the local bureaucracy and reduced corruption, although he certainly enriched himself during this period.[citation needed]
General in Napoleon's Grande Armée
When the Kingdom of Holland was incorporated into France in 1810, Daendels returned to Holland. He was appointed a Divisional General (Major General) and commanded the 26th Division of the Grande Armée in Napoleon's invasion of Russia.
Governor-General of the Dutch Gold Coast
After the fall of Napoleon, king Willem I and the new Dutch government feared that Daendels could become an influential and powerful opposition leader and effectively banned him from the Netherlands by appointing him Governor-General of the Dutch Gold Coast (now part of Ghana). In the aftermath of the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade, Daendels tried to redevelop the rather dilapidated Dutch possessions as an African plantation colony driven by legitimate trade. Drawing on his experience from the East Indies, he came up with some very ambitious infrastructural projects, including a comprehensive road system, with a main road connecting Elmina and Kumasi in Ashanti. The Dutch government gave him a free hand and a substantial budget to implement his plans. At the same time, however, Daendels regarded his governorship as an opportunity to establish a private business monopoly in the Dutch Gold Coast.
Eventually none of the plans came to fruition, as Daendels died of malaria in the castle of St. George d'Elmina, the Dutch seat of government, on 8 May 1818. His body was interred in the central tomb at the Dutch cemetery in Elmina town. He had been in the country less than two years.
2)Thomas Stamford Raffles
Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, FRS (6 July 1781 – 5 July 1826) was a British statesman, best known for his founding of the city of Singapore (now the city-state of the Republic of Singapore). He is often described as the "Father of Singapore". He was also heavily involved in the conquest of the Indonesian island of Java from Dutch and French military forces during the Napoleonic Wars and contributed to the expansion of the British Empire. He was also an amateur writer and wrote a book entitled History of Java (1817).
Family background
Not much is known about parents Raffles . His father , Captain Benjamin Raffles , engaged in the slave trade in the Caribbean , and died suddenly when Thomas was just 15 years old , so his family trapped debt . He immediately began working as a clerk in London for the British East India Company , a trading company half - government play a lot in the British conquest abroad . In 1805 he was sent to what is now Penang , in Malaysia , who was named Prince of Wales Island . Starting a relationship with Southeast Asia .Raffles in the Dutch East IndiesRaffles in 1817Raffles was appointed Lieutenant- Governor of Java, in 1811 , when the British Empire took over the colony - colony of the Netherlands , and he was soon promoted as the Governor of Sumatra , when the Netherlands was occupied by Napoleon Bonaparte of France .When Raffles served as ruler of the Dutch East Indies , he has tried many things , which include the following : he introduced the limited autonomy , to stop the slave trade , reforming the land system the Dutch colonial government , investigating the flora and fauna of Indonesia, researching ancient relics such as Borobudur and Prambanan, Java Literature and many other things . Not only that , for the sake of researching historical documents Malays who inspires Raffles will search the Borobudur Temple , he then taught himself Malay . Research results in Java wrote in a book titled : History of Java , which tells the history of the island of Java . In doing research , Raffles is assisted by two assistants , namely : James Crawfurd and Colonel Colin Mackenzie .Raffles wife , Olivia Mariamne , died on 26 November 1814 at Buitenzorg and was buried in Batavia , precisely in what is now the Museum Inscription . At the Bogor Botanical Gardens memorial built to commemorate the death of his wife .Raffles Policies in a particular field :Bureaucracy and Government SectorRaffles measures in the areas of governance is :
Java split into 18 residency ( residency system lasted until the year 1964)
Change the system of government which was originally performed by native rulers to the colonial system of government patterned West
Governors or rulers native released position they gained hereditary
Set out in the court system is jury
Economics and Finance
Farmers are given the freedom to grow export crops , while the government is only obligated to make a market for exports stimulate farmers to plant the most profitable crops . Abolition of agricultural tax ( contingenten ) and compulsory delivery system ( verplichte leverantie ) that have been applied since the time of the VOC . Establish a system of ground rent ( landrent ) based on the assumption that the colonial government . Individual taxation .Legal AffairsThe justice system is applied Raffles better than that implemented by Daendels . Because Daendels oriented skin color ( race ) , Raffles is more oriented to the size of the error . Law enforcement agencies at the Raffles as follows :
Court of Justice , located on each resident
Court of Request , contained in each division
Police of Magistrate
Social Sector
Elimination of forced labor ( forced labor ) and the abolition of slavery , but in practice he is breaking the law themselves by doing activities similar to slavery . Elimination pynbank ( hurt ) , the punishment is very cruel to fight tigers .Field of Science
Wrote a book entitled History of Java in London in 1817 and divided into two volumes
Wrote a book entitled History of the East Indian Archipelago in Eidenburg in 1820 and divided into three volumes
Raffles also actively supports Bataviaach Genootschap , a bevy of culture and science
Discovery of Rafflesia Arnoldi flower
Blazes the Bogor Botanical Gardens
Inscription Airlangga move to Calcutta , India to Calcutta named InscriptionOf this policy , one of which is the introduction of small updates in the Dutch colonial district is changing the system drive from the right to the left, which is in force today .Back from the Dutch East IndiesStatue of Sir Stamford Raffles by Thomas Woolner in SingaporeIn 1815 returned to England after Java is returned to the Netherlands following the Napoleonic Wars . In 1817 he wrote and published the book History of Java , which depicts the history of the island since ancient times .But in 1818 he returned to Sumatra and on January 29, 1819 he established a trading post at the southern tip of peninsula free of Malacca , which later became the city-state of Singapore. This is a bold step , contrary to British policy not to offend the Dutch in the region which is recognized under Dutch influence . In six weeks , several hundred merchants have sprung up to take advantage of tax-free policies , and Raffles then get approval from London .Raffles set a February 6, 1819 as the anniversary of modern Singapore . Power over the island was then transferred to the British East India Company . Finally in 1823 , back to England forever Raffles City Singapore and ready to develop into the largest port in the world . The city continues to thrive as a center of trade with low taxes .Raffles in the UKRaffles in the UK is also the founder and first chairman of the Zoological Society of London . Raffles made a nobleman in 1817 .He died a day before the birthday - 45 , on July 5, 1826 , as apoplexy or stroke . Because stance against slavery , his family was not allowed to dispose of them in the local church yard (St. Mary 's , Hendon ) . This ban was issued pastor of the church , which is his family profited from the slave trade . When the church was expanded in the 1920s , his tomb incorporated into parts of the building .
Raffles in Singapore
In Singapore, the Raffles name is widely used : Raffles Junior College , Raffles Institution , Raffles Girls ' School , Raffles Girls ' Primary School , Raffles Hotel , Stamford Road , Stamford House , Raffles City , Raffles Place MRT station , Raffles class on Singapore Airlines aircraft and Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research .Rafflesia
Raffles name is also used as the name of a genus of a group of obligate parasites of plants , Rafflesia , in honor of his services . One type has a genuine interest in the world, the Rafflesia arnoldi or a giant lotus which became one of Indonesia's national flower .
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Raffles
3)Van den Bosh
Johannes, Count van den Bosch (February 2, 1780 – January 28, 1844) was a Dutch Lieutenant General and politician.
Biography
Born at Herwijnen in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands, van den Bosch arrived in Java in 1797 as a lieutenant, but was quickly promoted to colonel. He departed in 1810, because of differences with Governor-General Daendels. After his return to Holland in November 1813, Van den Bosch agitated for the return of the House of Orange.He was recommissioned in the army as a Colonel and made Commander of Maastricht. He later became a Major General. Van den Bosch helped found the Society for the Founding of Poor Colonies and was especially associated with the Colony of Frederiksoord.
In 1827, he became the commissary general and was sent back to Jakarta, where he was made Governor-General in 1830. Van den Bosch returned to the Netherlands five years later and took over the governing of the colony. He retired voluntarily in 1839, when he was elevated to the noble rank of Count and made Minister of State on December 25 of that year. Van den Bosch died on January 1844 at his estate in the Hague.
source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_van_den_Bosch
4)Multatuli
Eduard Douwes Dekker (2 March 1820 – 19 February 1887), better known by his pen name Multatuli (from Latin multa tuli, "I have carried much"), was a Dutch writer famous for his satirical novel, Max Havelaar (1860), which denounced the abuses of colonialism in the Dutch East Indies (today's Indonesia).
Biography
Dekker was born in Amsterdam. His father, a ship's captain, intended his son for trade, but this humdrum prospect disgusted him, and in 1838 he went out to Java and obtained a post as a civil servant. He moved from one posting to another, until, in 1851, he became assistant-resident at Ambon, in the Moluccas. In 1857 he was transferred to Lebak, in the Bantam residency of Java (now Banten province). By this time, however, all the secrets of Dutch administration were known to him, and he had begun to openly protest about the abuses of the colonial system. Consequently he was threatened with dismissal from his office for his openness of speech. Dekker resigned his appointment and returned to the Netherlands.
Although the literary merit of Multatuli's work was widely criticised, he received an unexpected and most valuable ally in Carel Vosmaer who published a book (The Sower 1874) praising him.[1] He continued to write much, and to publish his miscellanies in uniform volumes called Ideas, of which seven appeared between 1862 and 1877 and also contain his novel Woutertje Pieterse.
Dekker left Holland, and went to live in Ingelheim am Rhein near Mainz, where he made several attempts to write for the stage. One of his pieces, The School for Princes (published in 1875 in the fourth volume of Ideas), expresses his non-conformist views on politics, society and religion. He moved his residence to Nieder Ingelheim, on the Rhine, where he died in 1887.
Dekker had been one of Sigmund Freud’s favourite writers. He heads the list of ‘ten good books’ which Freud drew up in 1907.[2]
In June 2002, the Dutch Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde (Society for Dutch Literature) proclaimed Multatuli the most important Dutch writer of all time.[3]
Multatuli's brother, Jan Douwes Dekker, is a grandfather of Ernest Douwes Dekker (also known as Danudirja Setiabudi, an Indonesian National hero).
source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multatuli
5)Conrad Theodore van Deventer
Conrad Theodore van Deventer (1857-1915) is known as a Dutch jurist and also figure the Ethical Policy .He's at a young age went to the Dutch East Indies . In ten years , Deventer has become rich , because private plantation estates and airline emerging BPM oil then many require the services of legal counsel .On a letter dated 30 April 1886 addressed to his parents , Deventer suggests the need for a more humane act out of concern for the natives to Spain experienced bankruptcy due to mismanagement of the colony .Then in 1899 Deventer wrote in the magazine De Gids ( Guide ) , entitled Een Eereschuld ( debt of honor ) . Understanding the substasial Eereschuld is " honor debts to be paid , even if not in demand upfront judge " . It consists of concrete figures on the Dutch public that explains how they became prosperous and safe country ( the railways, dams , etc. ) is the result of colonization which comes from the Dutch colonies in the East Indies ( "Indonesia " ) , while the Indian Netherlands when it was poor and backward . So it is appropriate if such property is returned .As a member of the Dutch Parliament Deventer , he received a ministerial duty of the colonies Idenburg to prepare a report on the economic situation of indigenous people in Java and Madura . Within a year , successfully complete the task Deventer ( 1904 ) . With open Deventer revealed a sad state , then the firm has blamed government policy . The article was very well known , and of course invite a lot of pros and cons reaction . A writing is not less famous is also published by De Gids ( 1908 ) is a description of the Day Home Insulinde , which lays out ethical principles for a regulation of the government colony .
Kartini Foundation
Kartinischool ( " Kartini schools " ) in Semarang in the Dutch East Indies1911 when the knowledge of Kartini's letters published , Van Deventer impressed once , so moved to write a lengthy review , just to spread the ideals of Kartini , which fits with the ideals of Deventer own : lifting the natives are spiritually and economically , fighting for their emancipation .Personally , Van Deventer had met with Kartini , Jepara Regent time daughter was 12 years old , but the communication does not continue . Time Kartini began writing letters to my friends daughter in the Netherlands , Van Deventer family had to leave Indonesia . New documents published by Abendanon , Deventer family showed an interest in the ideals of Kartini .Since then , Ms. Van Deventer forth . In 1913 he founded the Kartini Foundation , which is intended to open a school for the daughters of the natives died after van Deventer ( 1915) , the one who took care of Mrs. Deventer everything with tireless . Thousands of pupils daughter was entering " Kartini Schools " that shelter under the Kartini Foundation .When the Dutch occupied Germany (1942 ) , Mrs. Deventer died at the age of 85 years . He left a large amount of funds to be utilized for promoting Indonesia in the field of education . Furthermore the fund is managed by Van Deventer - Maas Stichting .
Career as a private lawyer
He left for a second short stay in Europe in May 1894 and was, after his return, appointed member of the supervisory committee of the HBS in Semarang.[24] In the newspaper "Locomotief" he wrote an article called Samarangsche bazar - eigen hulp (Bazar of Samarang), in which he defended himself against accusations that the prospectus of this firm (Samarangsche bazar), made up by him, was not accurate.[25] He left the Dutch East Indies (permanently) in April 1897 by steamboat Koningin-Regentes;[26] back in Europe he visited the Wagner festivals and wrote about "Wagneriana" in The Locomotief of November 11 and December 16, 1897.[27] In 1898 Van Deventer wrote several articles about the coronation celebrations in the Netherlands, where queen Wilhelmina was crowned, in the "Locomotief".[28] He also wrote a series of four articles, called "Het Wilhelmus als Nederlands Volkslied" (the Wilhelmus as the Dutch national anthem), for the Locomotief that year[29] and gave in the Locomotief his perspective on the Zola trial.[30]
Early political career
Van Deventer became a member of the board of the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (1903)[41] and that same year attended the meeting in London of the "Institut Colonial International".[42] In September 1904 he was appointed knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion.[43] He kept writing articles in different magazines, other than The Gids; for instance he published a series of four articles in the Soerabaijasch Handelsblad in December 1904, called "Over de suikercultuur- en suikerindustrie" (about the sugar industry).[44] On September 19, 1905 Van Deventer was elected as a member of the House of Representatives for the constituency Amsterdam IX[45] and as such he emphasized his three focus points regarding Dutch East Indian policy: education, irrigation and emigration.[46] He was also a promotor of the so-called Dutch Ethical Policy[45] but at the same time said in a speech given in the House of Representatives on November 16, 1905, that if persuasion did not work it would be inevitable to use military force.[47] In a series of articles in the "Soerabajasch Handelsblad" in August 1908 called "Insulinde's toekomst" (the future of the Dutch East Indies) he wrote about the importance of eductation and the creation of new jobs for natives on higher management levels.[48] Van Deventer was not reelected and left the House of Representatives on 21 September 1909.[49]
Later political career
Van Deventer was elected to be a member of parliament again on 19 September 1911, when he was appointed member of the Senate by the States-Provincial of Friesland.[49] In this period he was also appointed as member of the Max Havelaar Foundation; this foundation was named after the famous book, written by Multatuli, and the aim of the foundation was the material and spiritual upliftment of the natives in the Dutch East Indies.[50] In February 1912 Van Deventer made, as a member of the Senate, a journey of several months to the Dutch East Indies.[51] He visited almost all islands, including but not limited to Sumatra, Java, Celebes and Borneo.[52] He remained a Senate member until September 16, 1913, when he was reelected as a member of the House of Representatives for the constituency Assen.[45] He kept this position until his death, on September 27, 1915. In June 1914 he was appointed official delegate of the Netherlands at the International Opium Conference held in The Hague.[53] In 1913 he founded the Kartini Foundation in order to be able to establish girl schools in the Dutch East Indies. In September 1915 Van Deventer became seriously ill (he suffered from peritonitis[54]) and was nursed at the Red Cross hospital in The Hague.[55] He died at the age of 57 on September 27, 1915[56] and his body was cremated at Westerveld (Driehuis).[57]source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Theodor_van_Deventer and http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Theodore_van_Deventer with edit :)
6)Van der Capellen
Godert van der Capellen
Van der Capellen was the son of a cavalry colonel. He was made Prefect of Friesland in 1808 and soon thereafter Minister of the Interior and a member of the Privy Council. At his advice, King Louis Napoleon abdicated the throne in 1810 in favor of his son, Louis II. Van der Capellen did not serve Napoleon I. Wilhelm I, King of the Netherlands, appointed him Colonial Minister and sent him as Secretary of United Kingdom of the Netherlands to Brussels. In 1815, van de Capellen was made the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, where he had to deal with both a native rebellion and a money shortage. In fact, during his tenure in Java, his power was largely ceremonial as his adjunct, Cornelis Theodorus Elout, had much of the actual power. He was ordered back in 1825 and named President of the Board of Trustees of the University of Utrecht in 1828. In 1838, he attended the coronation of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in London as the Dutch envoy. Van de Capellen then served as the Lord Chamberlain of King William II. He died in April 1848 in De Bilt.
source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godert_van_der_Capellen
7) Willem Janssens
Jonkheer Jan Willem Janssens GCMWO (12 October 1762 – 23 May 1838) was a Dutch nobleman, soldier and statesman who served both as the governor-general of the Cape Colony and Dutch East Indies.[1]
Early life
Born in Nijmegen, his military career began at the age of nine when he became a cadet in the Dutch army. He rose through the ranks and by 1793, at the start of the Napoleonic Wars, he held the rank of colonel, and was wounded in the campaign.[1]Batavian Republic
The Dutch surrender in 1795 made way for the mostly peaceful establishment of the Batavian Republic, a satellite state under Napoleon's growing empire. From 1795 to 1802, Colonel Janssens served mostly as an administrator within the new Batavian Army. He was appointed governor-general of the Cape Colony upon its return to the Dutch by the British under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. Arriving in early 1803, he attempted to strengthen the defences of the colony, but found resources lacking, having few trained troops at his disposal and the political situation tenuous at best. During this time, he was promoted to Lieutenant-General.The start of the War of the Third Coalition marked another British invasion of the Cape Colony. Janssens was under no impression that he had the ability to defeat the British force, led by Lieutenant-General Sir David Baird, yet he mobilized his forces and engaged the British on 8 January 1806, at the Battle of Blaauwberg, near Cape Town. His force was routed and the Cape Colony was surrendered to the British for the last time on January 18. Under the terms of the surrender, Janssens was transported back to the Netherlands, arriving at the Hague on 8 June 1806.
By the time Janssens surrendered to the British, the war in Europe had ended with the Treaty of Pressburg. When he returned to the Netherlands, Napoleon had already installed his brother Louis Bonaparte as the king of the newly formed Kingdom of Holland.
Kingdom of Holland and the French Empire
Louis Bonaparte named Janssens Secretary-General of the Department of War upon his return. He held a series of high-ranking administrative posts within the kingdom until the abdication of Louis Napoleon and the annexation of the Netherlands by France in 1810. On 11 November 1810, he was appointed governor-general of the territory known, before the annexation, as the Dutch East Indies, replacing Herman Willem Daendels. He arrived in Batavia, Java on 15 May 1811 and immediately involved himself in efforts to strengthen the colony's defenses. Java benefited from a larger amount of both Dutch and French troops, as well as better defenses, compared to the Cape Colony. However, the British invasion fleet arrived shortly thereafter, on 30 July, led by Sir Samuel Auchmuty.Janssens mounted a defense that centered around the existing fortifications, namely Meester Cornelis. However, the French soldiers under his command lacked well-trained officers and as the British laid siege to the fortress, Janssens personally led a futile defense and was forced to retreat to Buitenzorg (later the place of residence of the British governor-general, Sir Stamford Raffles. A large number of French soldiers were captured during the retreat and ensuing pursuit and Janssens was forced to surrender on 18 September 1811. He was imprisoned in Britain until 12 November 1812, when he was repatriated to the Netherlands.
He was involved in some minor engagements in the ensuing years, until he resigned his post in the French Army on 9 April 1814.
Post-Napoleonic War career
Janssens was involved with the nascent Kingdom of the Netherlands as the provisional Commissary-General of War, but he resigned his post after his request to be posted once again as the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies was denied. He resigned from active duty on 22 May 1815.He died as a highly decorated veteran in The Hague, aged 75.
Decorations and medals
- Commander of the Order of the Union, 25 November 1807
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Union, 3 February 1808
- Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, 16 May 1811
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Reunion, 22 February 1812
- Grand Cross of the Military William Order (KB No.16, 8 July 1815)
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
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